What Is Beta hCG Test: Preparation, Procedure, Cost, Normal Range

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Beta hCG Test is a hormone secreted by the trophoblastic tissue during the embryonic development of a human being. When measuring hCG levels, blood and urine tests are accurate ways of determining hCG levels to confirm pregnancy. Serum tests for hCG are thought to be more sensitive and precise than urine tests, particularly in the case of early pregnancy.

Home pregnancy test kits, which can be bought at a drugstore, are usually used for the first confirmation, but to ensure the results are accurate, doctors perform blood and urine tests. These tests determine the hCG levels and are chosen for early use because they are more sensitive than urine tests and even early ultrasound examinations. Below we discuss the beta hCG test in detail regarding preparation, procedure, cost, and normal level.

What Is Beta hCG Test?

The Beta hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin) test is the measurement of the beta subunit of hCG in the blood or urine. The placenta secretes this hormone soon after a fertilized egg buries itself in the uterine wall, which generally occurs between the sixth and eleventh day after conception. The hCG hormone plays a vital role in early pregnancy by sustaining the corpus luteum which produces progesterone in the first trimester.

The Beta hCG test is commonly used to confirm pregnancy because hCG increases rapidly in the first weeks and doubles in amount every 48 to 72 hours. It also assists in determining the age of the pregnancy, identifying problems that may be present such as an ectopic pregnancy or a miscarriage, and during prenatal care, the condition of the fetus such as Down syndrome.

Besides pregnancy-related, it is used for diagnosing and staging some cancers such as testicular, ovarian, and trophoblastic cancers because this tumour often produces abnormal levels of hCG. Benign diseases such as liver cirrhosis or inflammatory bowel disease might also raise the hCG levels. The test comes in the form of a qualitative one where the result is either negative or positive or a quantitative one where the exact hCG levels are measured, which provides deeper information on the progress of pregnancy or the presence of a tumour.

How to Prepare for a Beta hCG Test?

Prepare for Beta hCG Test

Here are some steps to get ready for your Beta-hCG test:

  • Schedule Your Appointment: Book your test in advance, either at a diagnostic lab or for home sample collection, to avoid long wait times.
  • Fasting is Not Required: You don’t need to fast unless your doctor has advised otherwise. You can eat as you normally would.
  • Inform About Medications: Make sure your healthcare provider knows about any medications or supplements you’re taking. Certain drugs can affect the results, and your doctor may suggest adjustments beforehand.
  • Bring Support: If you’re feeling anxious, consider bringing a friend or family member with you for emotional support.

Following these steps can help ensure a more straightforward experience.

What Is the Procedure for Beta-HCG Test?

procedure of Beta hCG Test

The procedure for a Beta-hCG test varies depending on whether a blood or urine sample is required.

Blood Sample Collection

For a blood sample collection, a tourniquet is first tied around your upper arm to make the veins more visible. The area where the needle will be inserted is then cleaned with an alcohol swab to ensure it is disinfected. A small needle is inserted into a vein, and blood is drawn into a test tube. Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and a bandage is applied to prevent infection. The blood sample is then sent to the lab for analysis.

Urine Sample Collection

For the urine sample collection, you will receive a sterile container and instructions on how to collect the sample. Once you have collected the urine, the sample will be sent to the lab for testing.

What Is the Cost of a Beta-hCG Test in Srinagar?

The cost of a Beta-hCG test in India can vary based on location and the laboratory. On average, prices of the Beta hCG test in Srinagar range from ₹499 to ₹750, with costs generally lower in smaller cities and higher in larger metropolitan areas.

For instance, in Noida, the test starts at ₹270, while in Chennai, it is available for ₹338. In major cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru, the cost is around ₹425. In other regions, such as Lucknow or Allahabad, the price can reach up to ₹750. Additionally, this test is often offered at discounted rates through online lab booking platforms or specific health packages, which can provide savings of up to 50%.

Understanding the Normal Range of the Beta hCG Test

As mentioned, hCG is a hormone produced by the placenta during pregnancy. Its levels in the blood help indicate the progression of pregnancy, especially during the first trimester. These levels can vary widely among individuals, but there are some general ranges observed during different stages of pregnancy. Here is a typical progression of hCG levels measured in IU/L (International Units per Litre):

  • At three weeks of pregnancy, the expected hCG levels range from 6 to 70 IU/L.
  • By nine weeks, these levels can increase significantly, reaching between 64,000 and 150,000 IU/L.
  • At twelve weeks, hCG levels typically fall to between 28,000 and 210,000 IU/L.
  • By sixteen weeks, the levels further decrease to a range of 9,000 to 56,000 IU/L.
  • Finally, during the period from twenty-nine to forty-one weeks, hCG levels can vary between 940 and 60,000 IU/L.

It’s important to remember that these ranges can vary. hCG levels typically peak between the 8th and 11th weeks, then decline and stabilise for the remainder of the pregnancy.

Conclusion

Beta-hCG test is very important in determining pregnancy and also in the diagnosis of several diseases. The blood or urine hCG test detects the presence of the hCG hormone, and its levels can be used to monitor pregnancy, determine gestational age, and detect possible complications.

Acquiring knowledge on the preparation, procedure, cost, and normal ranges of this test will assist people in preparing for it effectively. Whether you are at home with a pregnancy test or are looking to get confirmation through laboratory analysis, knowing about the Beta-hCG test prepares you better for your healthcare process.

Frequently Asked Questions

What could interfere with the results of the Beta hCG test?

Various reasons might affect the accuracy of the Beta hCG test. For example, urine tests may give negative results if the sample has been diluted by water, so do not drink large amounts of water before the test. Blood tests are usually more accurate but can fluctuate depending on the time of the test or a woman’s health condition.

Why is the Beta hCG test preferred over an ultrasound in cases of early pregnancy detection?

The Beta hCG test is more sensitive than an early ultrasound and can be positive as early as six to eleven days after conception. Because hCG increases rapidly, they can affirm pregnancy earlier than an embryo can be seen by ultrasound, particularly before 5-6 weeks of pregnancy.

Is there anything that Beta hCG tests can diagnose aside from pregnancy?

Yes, Beta hCG tests can detect conditions that are not pregnancy-related. Higher levels of hCG may also mean testicular or ovarian cancer, and can also be associated with problems such as an ectopic pregnancy or a molar pregnancy.

What are the uses of Beta hCG testing beyond confirming pregnancy?

Beyond confirming pregnancy, Beta hCG testing helps monitor conditions like ectopic pregnancies and certain cancers, such as testicular and ovarian cancer. It can also indicate trophoblastic diseases, like choriocarcinoma, which originates from the placenta.

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Azoospermia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

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Infertility is defined as the failure of couples to achieve conception through unprotected intercourse for one year. Getting into the world of infertility can be quite overwhelming, as pregnancy announcements may appear to be all around, and there are questions about one’s health that only make it even more confusing as to what the next step should be. Sterility is a complex problem for many couples, and one of the leading causes of male infertility is azoospermia, when there is no sperm in the ejaculate.

This guide will teach you all you need to know about azoospermia: its causes, diagnosis, and treatment.

What is Azoospermia (Zero Sperm Count)?

Azoospermia is the condition whereby there are no sperm in the semen, and thus, the male partner is sterile. However, this does not necessarily imply that sperm is not being produced; sometimes sperm is produced but cannot get to the semen because of blockages. There are two main types of azoospermia: based on the mechanism of the disease, it can be divided into two types, namely obstructive and non-obstructive.

Non-obstructive azoospermia is where there is no sperm production in the testicle at all, while obstructive azoospermia is when, for some reason, there is a barrier to sperm from the testicle getting into the semen, for example, between the testicle and the ejaculatory duct. In this case, sperm production is not usually affected. In 

non-obstructive azoospermia, the sperms are not produced due to some ailment in the testes responsible for producing sperms. This may be due to genetic disorders, hormonal problems, or injury to the testes due to infections, radiation, or chemotherapy. It was found that azoospermia had an impact on infertility in as many as 10% of patients with this diagnosis.

Types and Causes of Azoospermia

types of Azoospermia

Azoospermia, which refers to the absence of sperm in semen, can result from various factors and is generally divided into three categories: pre-testicular, testicular, and post-testicular. Each has distinct underlying causes.

1. Pre-testicular Azoospermia

This type, a form of non-obstructive azoospermia, is often caused by hormonal imbalances or genetic issues. A common example is Kallmann syndrome, a rare disorder that disrupts the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), necessary for sperm production.

Damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland—due to trauma, tumours, or radiation—can also interfere with hormone regulation, leading to infertility. Additionally, some medications that affect hormone levels can contribute to pre-testicular azoospermia.

2. Testicular Azoospermia

This form occurs due to issues within the testes. Conditions such as anorchia (absence of testes) and cryptorchidism (undescended testes) can result in poor sperm production. In cases like Sertoli cell-only syndrome, the supportive cells are present, but the sperm-producing cells are absent. Spermatogenic arrest, where sperm development stops prematurely, also falls into this category.

Genetic conditions like Klinefelter syndrome, where men have an extra X chromosome (XXY), lead to testicular failure and reduced sperm production. Other factors include infections like mumps during adolescence, radiation exposure, varicocele (enlarged veins in the scrotum), or surgical damage.

3. Post-testicular Azoospermia

This type, known as obstructive azoospermia, occurs when sperm production is normal, but a blockage in the reproductive system prevents sperm from being released. One common cause is the congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD), a genetic condition often associated with cystic fibrosis, where the ducts that transport sperm are missing.

Other potential causes include infections, cysts, or previous surgeries such as a vasectomy. Trauma to the reproductive organs can also result in blockages that prevent sperm from reaching the semen.

Identifying the specific category of azoospermia helps guide treatment options, which may include hormonal therapy, surgery, or infertility treatment like in vitro fertilisation (IVF).

Understanding the Symptoms of Azoospermia

Most of the men with azoospermia do not know that they have the condition until they try to have children. However, some might develop symptoms associated with other diseases or disorders, genetic or otherwise. Endocrine dysfunctions can present as increased amounts of body fat, body hair, or gynecomastia, which may affect sperm quality and fertility.

Genetic disorders, including Klinefelter syndrome, which is prevalent in 90% of the men with azoospermia, result in small or undescended testicles, low testosterone levels, and cognitive or psychiatric disorders. Klinefelter syndrome is also related to such general health issues as metabolic syndrome and autoimmune disorders. Anatomical abnormalities, for example, varicoceles, which are the swelling of the veins inside the scrotum, or other structural problems, may also hinder sperm movement. Some men may experience testicular fullness or lumps, or they may feel that their testicles are less firm than usual.

The primary symptom of azoospermia is the inability to conceive, which is usually diagnosed after the couple has not been able to conceive for some time. In all cases, a thorough medical evaluation, including hormone tests, genetic screening, and imaging of the reproductive organs, is crucial for confirming the diagnosis and identifying the cause with an IVF specialist near me.

Diagnosis of Zero Sperm Count

Azoospermia is the absence of sperm in the semen, and several tests are carried out to identify the cause. The most common diagnostic method is a semen analysis, spectrogram, or monogram. This test involves determining some semen characteristics, including the concentration, motility, and morphology of sperm.

Tests to Diagnosing Azoospermia

  • Semen Analysis: The first procedure is to carry out a post-coital test twice to rule out the presence of sperm. Exams are usually conducted after two to three months to allow for variability due to factors such as stress, fever, and the use of drugs that may affect sperm. If both samples contain no sperm, the condition is referred to as azoospermia.
  • Physical Examination: After confirmation of the disease, a physical examination is carried out. This involves an examination of the testicles and scrotum, probably the reproductive tract, and possibly a rectal examination to assess seminal vesicles or the prostate gland.
  • Blood Tests and Hormonal Evaluation: Blood tests determine reproductive hormones such as testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The presence of abnormally high or low hormone levels can also give information about sperm production.
  • Imaging Tests: Ultrasound or MRI scans may identify blockages in the reproductive system or abnormalities in the pituitary or hypothalamus that could affect sperm production.
  • Genetic Testing: In the cases of non-obstructive azoospermia, genetic testing could be required. As like said above, conditions like Klinefelter syndrome or Y chromosome microdeletions can be associated with this type of azoospermia.

Confirming the diagnosis of azoospermia helps determine whether the condition is obstructive or non-obstructive, guiding subsequent treatment or fertility options.

Treatment for Zero Sperm Count

The approach to treating azoospermia, characterised by the absence of sperm in the ejaculate, varies based on whether the cause is obstructive or non-obstructive.

Obstructive Azoospermia Treatment

  • Surgical Correction:

If the reproductive tract is blocked, microsurgery or endoscopic surgery may be employed to correct it. Microsurgery involves removing blockages in the vas deferens or epididymis using delicate procedures, while endoscopic surgery involves removing obstructions such as those in the ejaculatory duct through the least invasive procedures.

  • Sperm Extraction:

If surgery is not possible or is not desired, sperm can be obtained by removing them from the testicles or epididymis. This sperm can then be used in assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as infertility treatment (IVF) with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). These methods are used mainly in cases of obstructive azoospermia in the male partners.

Non-obstructive Azoospermia Treatment

  • Hormonal Therapy:

In cases where the hormonal levels of sperm-producing hormones are low, then treatments may involve hormone replacement therapy or the use of drugs that may help in the production of sperm. For instance, aromatase inhibitors can be used to regulate the ratio of testosterone and estradiol, which can help with sperm production.

  • Surgical Interventions for Varicoceles:

Surgical removal may be beneficial when varicoceles, enlarged veins in the scrotum, are affecting sperm production. This intervention is normally done when the condition is severe.

  • Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART):

If restoring sperm production is not possible, sperm can be directly retrieved from the testes using techniques such as testicular sperm extraction (TESE). These sperm can then be used in ICSI during IVF procedures.

If genetic issues cause azoospermia, then it may be advisable to seek genetic counselling and plan the couple’s future family accordingly. The outcome and success of treatment depend on the type of azoospermia that a man is diagnosed with.

Conclusion

Azoospermia is one of the leading causes of male infertility, defined as the absence of sperm in the semen. To understand the condition, one has to know if it is obstructive or nonobstructive because the treatment of the two is different. In cases of obstructive azoospermia, which is the most common type, correction of the blockage through surgery or sperm retrieval is possible, while non-obstructive azoospermia that originates from testicular causes may require hormone treatment, surgery or assisted reproductive technologies like IVF.

Azoospermia can be diagnosed with the help of semen analysis, physical examination, blood tests, and genetic testing to identify the exact cause of the condition and determine further treatment. While the condition is painful, many medical treatments offer several ways of handling fertility. It is encouraging that early diagnosis and various treatment options can help patients with azoospermia to have a successful conception and childbirth.

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Endometriosis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

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Endometriosis is a complex condition where tissue resembling the uterus lining grows outside the uterus, causing various symptoms. Commonly, this can lead to pelvic pain, heavy menstrual bleeding, and even fertility challenges. Managing endometriosis often requires a multifaceted approach, including medications, surgical interventions, or a combination of both treatments. Want to know more? Read on further to understand everything you need to know about endometriosis.

What Is Endometriosis?

Endometriosis is a disease that occurs when the uterine lining-like tissue grows in other areas of the body. This growth leads to painful periods and may lead to complications such as pregnancy complications due to scarring and blocked fallopian tubes.

Generally, endometriosis impacts the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or outer lining of the uterus. In severe cases, it can affect the bladder and intestines or go beyond the pelvic region, possibly affecting the lungs.

This condition affects approximately 10% of women and those assigned female at birth (AFAB) in the world. However, it is most frequently diagnosed in individuals between 20 and 39. Luckily, the symptoms of endometriosis can be controlled with the right treatment.

Types of Endometriosis

Endometriosis can be categorized into four main types based on the areas it affects within the pelvis or abdomen:

  • Endometriomas: These are black cysts filled with fluid. They are usually found in the ovaries, though they can be located in any part of the pelvis or abdomen. They are also known as chocolate cysts.
  • Superficial Peritoneal Endometriosis: This is the least severe form, in which endometrial tissue forms lumps and grows on the peritoneum, a thin tissue that covers the walls of the abdomen and pelvis and most of the organs in these regions.
  • Abdominal Wall Endometriosis: At times, endometriosis can also occur on the abdominal wall, with the tissue sticking to the surgical site, for example, a C-section.
  • Deeply Infiltrating Endometriosis (DIE): In this type, endometrial tissue invades the organs inside or outside the pelvic cavity, such as the ovaries, rectum, bladder, and bowels. However, in rare circumstances, the disease can cause massive scarring of tissue that joins the organs together, resulting in a frozen pelvis, which occurs in 1%- 5% of endometriosis patients.

What Are the Causes of Endometriosis?

The actual cause of endometriosis is not yet known, but some theories may explain the occurrence of this disease. One of the most famous theories is retrograde menstruation, which states that the blood enters the fallopian tubes and the pelvic cavity in backward motion. This backward flow can contain endometrial cells that can implant on other organs such as the ovaries or intestines. As retrograde menstruation is common in women and does not necessarily indicate endometriosis, other factors, such as immune system dysfunction, could be involved in not expelling these displaced cells.

Genetics also plays an important role in the development of endometriosis. It is believed that people with a family history of the disease, for example, a mother or sister diagnosed with the disease, are more likely to develop the condition.

Another theory relates to immune system disorder, in which a low immune response may lead to the growth of endometrial cells outside the uterus. Hormonal factors again play a role in this case, especially estrogen, which leads to the formation of endometrial-like tissue in abnormal locations.

Other possible causes include:

  • Coelomic metaplasia, where cells lining the abdominal cavity transform into endometrial-like cells.
  • Embryonic cell transformation, where remnants of embryonic cells develop into endometrial tissue later in life.

What Are the Symptoms of Endometriosis?

Endometriosis Symptoms

Pelvic pain is a common symptom of endometriosis, often intensifying around menstruation. Unlike regular menstrual cramps, this pain can be severe and long-lasting. Other symptoms include painful periods (dysmenorrhea), discomfort during sexual activity, and pain while urinating or during bowel movements, particularly around the time of menstruation. Some people may also experience heavy menstrual bleeding or spotting between periods.

Endometriosis is also associated with infertility, and many individuals only learn they have the condition during fertility evaluations. Additional symptoms may include fatigue, bloating, diarrhoea, or constipation, particularly during menstruation. Interestingly, the severity of pain doesn’t always match the amount of tissue growth; some with minimal tissue may experience intense pain, while others with extensive growth might have few symptoms.

How Is Endometriosis Diagnosed?

Endometriosis diagnosis is challenging due to the fact that there is no test that can be used to make a diagnosis without surgery. The diagnostic process often starts with the assessment of symptoms and the patient’s history. A pelvic exam can show endometrial lesions, but it is not very effective in diagnosing small lesions of endometriosis.

Even though ultrasounds and MRIs can reveal some larger cysts, including endometriomas – ‘chocolate cysts’, they cannot diagnose endometriosis or visualize small lesions.

The only definitive method of diagnosing endometriosis is through a procedure known as laparoscopy, which is a form of surgery. During laparoscopy, the doctor will place a small camera through a small cut near the belly button to look at the abdominal cavity. If there is any indication of an abnormal growth, then a tissue sample may be taken for further examination. Biopsy is deemed to be the most accurate technique due to visualization of the tissue and puncture of tissue samples.

Sometimes, endometriosis is discovered accidentally during surgeries for other conditions or in individuals without symptoms. However, diagnosing endometriosis can be delayed due to the complexity of the condition and the wide range of symptoms, making it challenging to identify early in some cases.

Treatment Options for Endometriosis

Unfortunately, there is no known cure for endometriosis, but there are different ways of treating the symptoms. The type of treatment depends on age, the severity of symptoms, and whether the person wishes to conceive in the future.

First, pain management is achieved using the available NSAIDs, which help decrease inflammation and pain. For severe pain, stronger medicines may be administered to the patient.

Hormonal therapies are most frequently prescribed to manage symptoms. Such treatments include oral contraceptives, progestins, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists that help reduce estrogen levels in the body, slowing the growth of the endometrial-like tissue. Nevertheless, these treatments cannot reconstruct tissues or eliminate fibrosis, scarring, or adhesions.

In case of failure of medication, surgery may be recommended. Laparoscopic surgery is effective in the removal or destruction of endometrial tissue. In more severe cases, a total abdominal hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) and possibly the ovaries may be recommended although this is the last option.

To conceive, some people might have to undergo an infertility treatment like IVF because endometriosis can damage the reproductive system by forming scar tissue and inflammation.

Another aspect concerns the complementary approaches patients use to deal with the symptoms, including acupuncture, diet changes, exercises, biofeedback, counselling, etc. Although such methods may help alleviate the symptoms, little research proves their efficiency, and they do not treat the disease.

Conclusion

Endometriosis is a chronic disease in which endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, causing symptoms and various complications. While there is no known cure for the condition, patients can benefit from medications for pain relief, hormone replacement therapy, and surgery. For the condition to be well managed, the patient should undergo laparoscopy to get an early diagnosis and then be treated according to the findings. More research and a holistic approach to patients’ treatment and management are critical in enhancing the results for the affected individuals.

IVF & Multiple Pregnancies, Risks & Benefits

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The main objective of infertility treatment is to achieve a healthy pregnancy and baby. While the idea of having twins might seem appealing, multiple pregnancies significantly raise the health risks for both the mother and the babies.

Due to the high cost of fertility treatment, which may not be fully covered by insurance, some patients and physicians may opt to transfer multiple embryos to increase the chances of pregnancy. However, this approach carries a major risk: the likelihood of twins or multiple births. Understanding these risks is important when considering treatment options.

How Does Multiple Pregnancies Happen with IVF?

IVF is a fertility procedure that may lead to multiple births in some cases. One major cause is the implantation of multiple embryos at once during the procedure as this boosts the chances of conception and in effect, multiple births. The number of embryos to be transferred depends on various factors such as the age of the woman, her previous experiences with IVF, and the quality of the embryos. Sometimes, an embryo might just divide on its own and this leads to identical twins or more of them.

Fertility medications employed in IVF cause the ovaries to release some eggs, resulting in the formation of several embryos and, therefore, multiple pregnancies. Also, assisted hatching, performed to facilitate embryo implantation, can lead to multiple pregnancies when more than one embryo is inserted. Fertility specialists try to optimize the chances of the procedure while minimizing the risks and choosing how many embryos should be transferred to achieve a healthy pregnancy.

What Are the Chances of Twins with IVF?

The chances of having twins through IVF have evolved significantly due to improved medical practices. In 2021, the twin rate for IVF was about 20-30%, which is a reduction compared to earlier rates where multiple embryos were often transferred during IVF cycles. This decrease is due to clinics adopting a practice of transferring fewer embryos at a time, often just one, to lower the risks associated with multiple births.

However, when fertility medications are used to stimulate egg production, there is still a risk of multiples. This makes the occurrence of twins during IVF higher than the natural rate of around 2%. While the likelihood of twins remains higher with IVF, the rate has been steadily declining as clinics focus on single embryo transfers to promote safer pregnancies and better health outcomes for both mothers and babies.

Benefits of IVF and Multiple Pregnancies

IVF has changed the world and opportunities for childless couples because it has given them hope for becoming parents, which they never had before. While multiple pregnancies through IVF come with both benefits and risks, we will first look at some key advantages before moving further with an overview of all the risks and complications:

  • Increased Chances of Pregnancy: Some IVF strategies can improve the chances of conception, such as transferring multiple embryos hence making it necessary for couples who have not conceived naturally.
  • Emotional and Psychological Fulfillment: The chance of having twins or multiple children within a single IVF cycle is a wonderful prospect that may generate immense pleasure and emotional fulfilment for families who have undergone a long period of fertility troubles.
  • Efficient Family Planning: For people who want to conceive more than one child, multiple pregnancies through IVF can be useful in that they can get the desired number of children within a few cycles. This may be cheaper and possibly requires less physical effort than conventional methods.
  • Support Networks and Resources: Expectant multiple parents through IVF can access numerous support structures and information. These networks provide useful advice and support, helping to address the peculiarities of raising multiple children.

Risks Associated with Twin Pregnancy with IVF

Undergoing IVF can result in multiple pregnancies, such as twins or triplets, which carry higher health risks compared to singleton pregnancies. Here are some reasons why specialist doctors avoid the chance of twins or triplets with IVF:

1. Preterm Birth

One major risk is preterm birth, with nearly 60% of twins and 90% of triplets being delivered before 37 weeks of gestation. Preterm birth often leads to complications like respiratory issues, developmental delays, and long-term health problems such as vision or hearing impairments. Infants born prematurely due to multiple pregnancies may require intensive care and longer hospital stays.

2. Low Birth Weight

The baby’s low birth weight is another concern that you might have to deal with, in the case of multiple pregnancies. Babies weighing less than 2,500 grams at birth are considered low birth weight, increasing the risk of developmental challenges, infections, and difficulty maintaining body temperature. Over time, these infants are more likely to face chronic health conditions such as diabetes or heart disease later in life.

3. Gestational Diabetes

Women carrying twins or more are at a higher risk of developing gestational diabetes, a condition that raises blood sugar levels during pregnancy. This requires close monitoring and management to avoid complications such as preterm birth or an increased need for cesarean delivery. If left untreated, gestational diabetes can cause the baby to grow larger than normal, making delivery more challenging.

4. Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia, marked by high blood pressure and potential damage to organs like the liver and kidneys, is also more common in multiple pregnancies. This condition poses serious risks for both the mother and babies, often leading to preterm delivery to avoid life-threatening complications. Preeclampsia can also cause placental abruption, where the placenta detaches from the uterine wall prematurely, posing significant health risks.

5. Cesarean Section

The chance of needing a cesarean section increases with multiple pregnancies. Twins or triplets often do not position themselves for a safe vaginal birth, making cesarean delivery the safer option. However, cesarean sections come with their own risks, including longer recovery times, possible surgical complications, and a higher risk of infection compared to vaginal birth.

Other Complications to Consider

1. Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS):

TTTS develops when twins have a single placenta, which causes unequal blood circulation between them. The “donor” twin donates extra blood, while the “recipient” twin can experience fluid overload and heart failure. The donor twin may become anaemic. TTTS is diagnosed with ultrasounds that measure the amount of amniotic fluid around each baby.

The condition is usually fatal, and if it is not treated, the death rate is high and can range from 80-90%, which leads to the death of one or both twins. Some of the treatment options are laser therapy, where doctors surgically sever the blood vessels that connect the twins or serial amniocentesis, where a doctor removes some of the fluid from around the fetus to reduce pressure. TTTS usually begins between the 16th and 26th weeks of pregnancy.

2. Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR):

IUGR is a condition in which one or more fetuses fail to develop at the expected rate inside the womb. In multiple pregnancies, this is likely to occur in one twin more than the other as they unequally share the placenta or resources. IUGR can have long-term effects on the general health of the small baby, such as developmental problems and low birth weight.

This is done with the help of ultrasound, and in such cases, one twin may be considerably larger than the other. Depending on the severity of the condition, management can include close follow-up, serial ultrasound, and possibly preterm delivery.

3. Placental Abruption:

This condition occurs when the placenta separates prematurely from the wall of the uterus, resulting in excessive bleeding and sometimes a lack of adequate oxygen supply to the babies, putting the lives of both the mother and the babies at risk. Placental abruption is more common in multiple pregnancies since the uterus and placenta receive more pressure.

Some of the signs are abdomen ache and blood from the vagina. In most cases, the patient needs emergency medical care, and the type of treatment depends on the extent of the disease and the stage of pregnancy. And in most cases, premature birth is necessary.

Conclusion

It is possible to have multiple births through IVF, and this brings both benefits and risks. Although women who opt for the transfer of more than one embryo are likely to conceive, the process is associated with some complications like premature birth, low birth weight, gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia. Modern techniques in IVF have enabled the decrease in multiple birth rates by improving single embryo transfers where possible.

The idea here is to try to get pregnant while at the same time trying to reduce the risks associated with pregnancy for the mother and the babies. It is essential to consider these factors when planning for fertility treatment since there is constant advancement in technology, making fertility treatment safer and more successful in assisted reproduction.

The Most Common Abnormalities in Sperm: How to Treat Them

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Sperm Abnormalities – Sperm plays an important role in the male reproductive system. It is a special cell that has the function of fertilizing a female egg and starting the journey of pregnancy. Sperm cells are stored in the testes through a process known as spermatogenesis. During the process of spermatogenesis, the immature cells in the testes divide and mature and get turned into motile sperm cells that are capable of fertilizing an egg.

The sperm quality and quantity are affected by certain factors such as increasing age, poor lifestyle, genetics, and even, medical conditions. They can cause various sperm abnormalities, that can destroy the success rate of the process of fertilization, and make it hard for couples to conceive naturally. With the help of this blog, you will get in-depth knowledge about the Sperm, Abnormalities in sperm, What causes them, and its treatments.

5 Most Common Sperm Abnormalities

some common Sperm Abnormalities 

There are many anomalies related to sperm that can be divided into different categories. Different types of spermocytosis affect male reproductive efficiency differently. They may include problems with a count of spermatozoa, their mobility or morphology.

The most common fertility problems associated with men’s sperm include:

  • Low Sperm Count: This is when a man possesses less than 15 million sperm per millilitre of semen thereby reducing chances of successful fertilization.
  • Sperm Agglutination: This is where the various sperms stick together and form clumps that hinder them from moving and fertilizing eggs. 
  • Low Sperm Motility: It means when sperm is unable to swim or move towards the egg. When the sperm cannot get to the egg for fertilization, it is when we can say that they have poor or faulty motility.
  • Abnormal Sperm Morphology: The appearance and shape of sperms are also called morphology. Unusual forms of sperm may cause low fertility and a higher risk of miscarriage.
  • DNA Damage: Numerous causes lead to DNA damage in a male’s germ cells, including ageing, environmental pollutants, and certain medical disorders. Fertilization failure and increased risk of abnormal births in offspring are some of the consequences associated with DNA damage in spermatozoa.

Morphological abnormalities constitute one type of defective sperm morphologies that might prevent eggs from being fertilized. Generally, a healthy human sperm should have:

  • A separate head, midpiece, and elongated flagellum shaped like a whip.
  • An oval-shaped symmetrical head that has no blemishes or defects.
  • A straight smooth undamaged tail
  • The average length is around 5-6 micrometres while breadth may be between 2.5-3.5 micrometres but it varies greatly.

What Causes Sperm Abnormalities?

Situations like specific medical illnesses as well as treatments (radiation therapy, chemotherapy) can create sperm anomalies quite often.

  • Exposure to harmful environmental pollutants.
  • Genetic determinants
  • Hormonal imbalances
  • Way of life causes
  • Drugs
  • Past or present infections
  • Injury to the testicles
  • Undescended testes
  • Too much testosterone use
  • Varicoceles

Some symptoms can help identify sperm abnormalities. In most cases, males show no signs of their abnormality. Males often find out after they start trying to get their partners pregnant and failing. Symptoms may be present depending on the cause of infertility

Pain or swelling in the testicular region, and hair loss due to hormonal imbalance can be some factors.

Treatments for Sperm Abnormalities

Treatment for Sperm Abnormalities

You have a few choices when it comes to addressing morphologically abnormal sperms.

  • Sperm Washing

It is the process of removing poor-quality sperm and mucus from a man’s semen to increase the chances of conception. It is a component of several fertility treatments.

  • Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)

IUI – This process is an artificial insemination technique, where the sperm is directly into a woman’s uterus. By-passing some parts of a woman’s anatomy increases chances for healthy pregnancy even with male factor infertility concerns involved

  • In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)

In a bid to increase the chances of pregnancy, IVF involves fertilising an egg in a laboratory and then transferring the embryo to a woman.

  • Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

ICSI refers to directly injecting sperm into an egg which increases chances of fertilisation and pregnancy. This is a part of the IVF process.

  • Sperm Donation – There are instances when using donor sperms that are healthy and high in quality is the best option. By going through their looks and personality profile, one can choose donors who will provide them with a favorable match thus increasing the likelihood of success from treatment.

FAQs

Q1. What are the most common sperm abnormalities?

A1. The most frequent sperm abnormalities are sperm count (oligospermia), motility (asthenozoospermia), morphology (teratozoospermia), and azoospermia.

Q2. What lifestyle variables might lead to sperm abnormalities?

A2. Smoking, heavy alcohol use, drug use, a poor diet, obesity, and exposure to environmental pollutants can all lead to sperm abnormalities.

Q3. How does ageing influence sperm quality?

A3. As men age, their sperm quality might deteriorate, with increased sperm DNA fragmentation, lower motility, and a higher risk of sperm abnormalities.

Q4. Can nutrition improve sperm abnormalities?

A4. A balanced diet high in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals can boost sperm health. Zinc, selenium, folate, and vitamins C and E are very useful.

Q5. Is there an association between stress and sperm abnormalities?

A5.  Yes, persistent stress can cause hormonal imbalances and oxidative stress, which can impair sperm count, motility, and morphology.

Q6. How do environmental conditions influence sperm quality?

A6. Environmental variables such as exposure to chemicals, pesticides, heavy metals, and radiation can all have a deleterious influence on sperm quality, resulting in numerous abnormalities.

Q7. Can Abnormal sperm be treated?

A7. Sperm abnormalities are treated based on the underlying reason. Lifestyle modifications, medication, surgery, and assisted reproductive technologies such as IVF or ICSI are all possible options.

Why Choose Us?

Male infertility being very sensitive needs to be tackled with utmost privacy and expertise. At Imprimis IVF, we’ve got a team of Fertility experts to help you with diagnosis and treatment of any infertility concerns. Our specialists are dedicated to providing personalized state-of-the-art care tailored to your individual needs. We have the most up-to-date therapies available for our patients so you can start your journey toward motherhood with us.

What Is the Difference Between Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy?

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Laparoscopy and hysteroscopy are two indispensable investigations/drugs in the management of infertility. Laparoscopy gives the doctor a wide-angle view of the organs in the lower abdomen such as the uterus, the ovaries and the tubes. It can diagnose conditions such as endometriosis, fibroids or the blockage in tubes. Depending on the method selected, hysteroscopy provides the ability to diagnose pathological changes in the uterus, polyps, scarring, or structural changes.

Such techniques are the least invasive and enable one to have a clear picture of the causes of infertility and thus plan for an appropriate treatment. When both are done, they tend to give a more or less correct picture of the fertility status of the couples hence enhancing the chances of conception.

What is Laparoscopy?

Laparoscopy is a surgery that allows a surgeon to examine the pelvis, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. This procedure assists in the diagnosis of a problem. In this surgery, a tiny device called a catheter is implanted to collect urine. Carbon dioxide is injected into the abdomen via a needle. The objective of filling the belly with carbon dioxide gas is to keep the abdominal walls separate from the rest of the organs and to prevent physical effort on any of the internal organs.

Laparoscopy is performed under the supervision of a laparoscopy surgeon in a variety of situations, including idiopathic pregnancy, unexplained pelvic pain, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, ectopic pregnancy, pelvic abscess and reproductive malignancies.

What is Hysteroscopy?

Hysteroscopy is the examination of the uterus interior through a cystoscope, which is a thin telescope usually under the direction of the hysteroscopy surgeon. In hysteroscopy, a thin fibrescope is introduced via the vagina and cervix into the body of the uterus. Through the telescope, the images are taken by the camera, and the interiors of the organs, for instance, the linings, are seen by the doctors.

Besides taking pictures of the organs, a sampler is placed at the end of the procedure to withdraw samples for biopsy. Taking a sample at this stage is a usual and extremely delicate procedure and lasts for between 10-15 minutes. The process is quite painful and a patient is likely to get a cramp-like feeling which subsides after some time.

Hysteroscopy is a useful investigation in women with fertility problems, recurrent miscarriages or abnormal vaginal bleeding and the appointed Hysteroscopy surgeons assist in the right management and assessment. Hysteroscopy for the diagnosis of polyps is used. Prior to the operation, the doctor performs a technique in which an x-ray of the organ referred to as the hysterosalpingogram is taken with the intention of ascertaining the precise condition of the human body. However, the diagnostic accuracy of the hysterosalpingogram is the subject of a rather heated debate.

Also, skin incisions are not used in the case of hysteroscopy as is with laparoscopy. It is an ambulatory surgery and is carried out when the female has cyclical menstruation at her disposal. The post-operation period for hysteroscopy does not involve suturing since it is minimally invasive; therefore, it takes 24 to 48 hours of recovery time. Adverse effects of hysteroscopy are few because the operation is essentially non-invasive. It is very unlikely to encounter bleeding, infections or even a perforation of the uterus. It is therefore the responsibility of both laparoscopy and hysteroscopy surgeons to ensure a receive detailed care is accorded to every detail.

The Difference Between Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy

During infertility treatment, laparoscopy and hysteroscopy are recommended. These treatments allow the doctor to see the tissues and organs inside your pelvis and undertake specialized corrective therapies.

Laparoscopy is a surgery that allows doctors to see and examine the outside of the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and other pelvic structures. If you have pelvic pain or a history of pelvic disease or cavities, your doctor may recommend a laparoscopy. It can help diagnose and treat diseases such as uterine fibroids, blocked tubes, endometriosis, ectopic pregnancies, ovarian cysts, adhesions, and other structural abnormalities. Following the initial fertility examination, a laparoscopy is typically recommended.

Hysteroscopy is a procedure that allows doctors to see inside the uterus, detect problems, and perform surgical repairs. These procedures are best performed soon after menstruation when the view is clear. A hysteroscopy is commonly used to detect the cause of infertility, recurrent miscarriage, or irregular uterine flow. A hysteroscopy can reveal abnormalities such as fibroids, polyps, scarring, and congenital malformations within the uterine cavity. During hysteroscopy, surgery may be performed to correct specific problems.

Laparoscopy VS Hysteroscopy- How is it Performed?

Laparoscopy- In most situations, the surgery is carried out under general anaesthesia. A laparoscope is a telescope-like tube that is introduced into the abdominal cavity via a small incision in the navel or neighbouring area. The internal organs are then detached from the cavity wall using carbon dioxide gas pumped into the abdominal cavity. This provides improved viewing through the laparoscope while also lowering the danger of damage. To manipulate the tissues being evaluated, a tiny probe is inserted through a similar incision in your stomach. Fluid is passed through the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes to check for blockages.

If a problem is detected, surgical instruments inserted through 1-2 more incisions in your lower belly may be utilized to treat it. When the surgery is completed, the devices are removed, the abdomen deflated, and the incisions are sutured shut. Some procedures cannot be performed using a laparoscope and must be done through an open incision. 

Hysteroscopy is an outpatient procedure that requires no incisions. A set of dilators are used to temporarily widen the cervical canal. A hysteroscope, a thin, long lit viewing tube, is then placed through the cervix to access the uterus. Saline solution is administered through the hysteroscope to enlarge the uterine cavity and provide a better view of the internal anatomy. Long surgical tools are inserted via small openings in the hysteroscope to access the interior of the uterus and perform surgery. A catheter may be left in the uterus once the treatment is completed.

Certain procedures may necessitate the administration of drugs to prevent infection and facilitate recovery. You may experience discomfort, vaginal discharge, and bleeding for many days following the surgery. In a day or two, you should be able to return to your typical activities.

Laparoscopy VS Hysteroscopy- Reasons

Difference Between Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy

Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure that allows a thorough view of the pelvic organs. It is extremely useful for detecting and treating diseases such as endometriosis, pelvic adhesions, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, ectopic pregnancy, and unexplained infertility. Doctors can diagnose anomalies, remove scar tissue, unblock fallopian tubes, and execute other remedial treatments by viewing these tissues, thus increasing the odds of conception dramatically.

Reasons for Laparoscopy-

  • Diagnosis.
  • Dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation).
  • Dyspareunia (painful intercourse)
  • Endometriosis Treatment
  • Fimbrioplasty, or fallopian tube repair
  • Myomectomy (the removal of fibroids)
  • Ovarian Cystectomy (removing cysts)
  • Ovarian Drilling
  • Pelvic Adhesions
  • Pelvic pain.
  • Removal of Scar Tissue
  • Salpingectomy (the removal of tubes).
  • Tubal Recanalization.
  • Unexplained infertility

Reasons for Hysteroscopy-

  • Abnormal bleeding.
  • Abnormal Hysterosalpingogram.
  • Abnormal sonogram.
  • Abnormal Sonohysterogram
  • Diagnosis
  • Removal of the uterine septum
  • Removal of scar tissue (adhesions)
  • Myomectomy (the removal of fibroids)
  • Polypectomy (the removal of a polyp).
  • Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
  • Removal of Foreign Bodies
  • Tubal Cannulation (Open Blocked Tube)

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: When is laparoscopy recommended?

A: Endometriosis, pelvic adhesions, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, ectopic pregnancy, and unexplained infertility are all disorders that benefit from laparoscopy diagnosis and treatment.

Q: When is hysteroscopy recommended?

A: Hysteroscopy is used to diagnose and treat irregular uterine bleeding, infertility, recurrent miscarriages, and uterine polyps or fibroids.

Q: Is laparoscopy and hysteroscopy safe?

A: When performed by a skilled surgeon, both operations are considered safe. However, like with any operation, there is a danger of infection, bleeding, and harm to surrounding organs.

Why Choose Us?

At Imprimis IVF, we understand the emotional process that couples go through when faced with infertility. Our professional fertility doctors and surgeons are dedicated to offering comprehensive care, which includes advanced laparoscopy and hysteroscopy procedures.

With a focus on patient-centred care and cutting-edge technology, we provide a supportive atmosphere for navigating the complications of infertility treatments. By selecting Imprimis IVF, you are moving a step closer to attaining your dream of parenthood. Allow us to assist you through the process, providing expert diagnosis, tailored treatment programs, and compassionate care every step of the way.

How to Increase Hemoglobin Levels During Pregnancy

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Any woman’s pregnancy is an exciting and transformative moment in her life. A vital consideration before you bring your child into the world is ensuring that your pregnancy-related haemoglobin levels are within normal range.

What is Haemoglobin?

Haemoglobin is a type of protein that is found in the red blood cells of the body. This protein is abundant in iron. Haemoglobin is responsible for delivering oxygen to the body’s tissues and organs. The oxygen the body’s respiratory organs produce is transported to the tissues by haemoglobin. Haemoglobin levels during pregnancy should range from 11.5 to 13.0 g/dl. It is not at all favourable for the developing embryo and the pregnant lady when the haemoglobin level drops below 10.0 g/dl. Anaemia is a condition that can develop if haemoglobin levels drop.

Hemoglobin tests should be performed on pregnant women regularly. Blood and iron levels in the body both rise when a woman becomes pregnant. Pregnant women should consume more meals high in iron, vitamin C, and other nutrients to keep their haemoglobin levels at optimal levels. Haemoglobin is made in the bone marrow and is kept in reserve in our red blood cells. It facilitates the movement of oxygen from the lungs to other bodily areas by red blood cells. Pregnant women usually have low haemoglobin levels, which are frequently caused by low iron levels, which can occasionally cause pregnancy problems.

Causes of Low Haemoglobin Levels in Pregnant Women

Causes of low haemoglobin levels

Low haemoglobin levels during pregnancy, often referred to as anaemia, can manifest in various symptoms that impact a woman’s overall well-being. Common signs include extreme fatigue, weakness, dizziness, shortness of breath, and pale skin. These symptoms can significantly reduce a pregnant woman’s energy levels and ability to perform daily tasks, affecting both physical and emotional health. Some dietary measures and supplements may help boost haemoglobin levels at home. The nine-month journey isn’t always smooth sailing. Some causes of low haemoglobin during pregnancy include:

  • Increased blood volume.
  • Dilution of blood due to a rise in plasma.
  • Nutritional deficiencies.
  • Chronic diseases or infections.
  • Genetic disorders.

Risks of Low Hemoglobin Levels in Pregnant Women

The possible hazards are more alarming than the feelings of fatigue and nausea that low haemoglobin levels during pregnancy can cause. Haemoglobin is essential for carrying oxygen throughout the body, therefore a shortage can have adverse impacts on both the mother and the unborn child. Severe anaemia increases the mother’s risk of difficulties during labour and delivery, including the need for a blood transfusion. Plus, the heart may experience stress due to inadequate oxygen delivery, as it is already exerting more effort to sustain the pregnancy.

Low levels of haemoglobin may be a sign of anaemia. This occurs when a person does not have enough red blood cells or they stop functioning properly. Anaemia leads to a lack of oxygen in the body, which may be dangerous. It’s not just about numbers on a report. Low haemoglobin levels pose risks like:

  • Fatigue and weakness.
  • Breathlessness. Paleness.
  • Increased susceptibility to infections.
  • Complications during childbirth.

How does Iron deficiency Anemia during pregnancy affect the baby?

Severe iron deficiency anaemia has a significant effect on the baby’s development. The baby’s growth and development may be hampered by it because of the decreased oxygen supply. When this happens, the baby may experience intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), which causes abnormal growth. Severe anaemia is also strongly linked to a considerable risk of preterm birth, or delivery before 37 weeks. Premature babies frequently have health issues since their organs are still developing. Another effect is low birth weight, which makes the baby more susceptible to infections and other issues. Beyond the immediate postpartum period, iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy can have long-term repercussions, including an increased risk of infant death, according to some research.

Iron deficiency anaemia during pregnancy is also associated with having a low birth weight baby and postpartum depression. Some studies also show an increased risk of infant death immediately before or after birth. You are probably at an increased risk of developing anaemia during pregnancy if:

  • You have two closely spaced pregnancies
  • You are pregnant with more than one baby
  • You are vomiting frequently due to morning sickness
  • You don’t consume enough iron-rich foods
  • You have a heavy pre-pregnancy menstrual flow
  • You have a history of anaemia before your pregnancy

Tips to increase Haemoglobin during Pregnancy

Listed below are a few ways pregnant women can boost their haemoglobin levels:

tips to increase haemoglobin levels during pregnancy

  • Raise your iron levels because red blood cells need iron to make haemoglobin. So, eating meals high in iron can help raise haemoglobin levels during pregnancy. Meals such as millet, green leafy vegetables, eggs, tofu, salmon, green beans, and red meat are a few foods that are high in iron.
  • Increase your consumption of vitamin C: Vitamin C makes it easier for the body to absorb iron, which raises haemoglobin. Eat things like broccoli, citrus fruits (such as oranges and lemons), potatoes, strawberries, capsicums, tomatoes, and berries are foods that raise the body’s vitamin C concentration.
  • While exercising during pregnancy can be difficult, it also raises haemoglobin levels during this time. Simple workouts or mild yoga are always advised by doctors as part of a daily routine since they can assist boost blood flow to the uterus, which supports the health of the fetus. Additionally, it facilitates the body’s absorption of iron, which controls the body’s haemoglobin levels.
  • Eating beetroot while pregnant has been proven as beneficial, The red pigment known as betalain, along with bioactive substances like polyphenols, betalain, folates, inorganic nitrates, vitamins, and minerals, are all found in beetroots. Because it promotes haemoglobin count and the production of new red blood cells, beetroot is a highly recommended supplement for haemoglobin improvement.
  • Eat plenty of green leafy vegetables, These superfoods, which are essential for a pregnant woman’s health and iron absorption, include spinach, broccoli, and moringa. They are also high in folic acid, iron, and vitamins B and C.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What is Haemoglobin and why is it important during pregnancy?

A: Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. During pregnancy, your body needs more oxygen to maintain both you and the baby. Low haemoglobin levels, known as anaemia, can cause issues for both the mother and the infant.

Q: What are the Symptoms of Low Haemoglobin during pregnancy?

A: Typical symptoms include weariness, weakness, disorientation, shortness of breath, and pale skin. These symptoms can have a substantial influence on your energy levels and capacity to do everyday duties.

Q: What causes low Haemoglobin Levels during pregnancy?

A: Low haemoglobin levels can be caused by a variety of circumstances, including increased blood volume during pregnancy, iron deficiency, insufficient folate or vitamin B12 intake, underlying medical disorders, and numerous pregnancies.

Q: How can I increase my Haemoglobin levels during pregnancy?

A: To increase haemoglobin levels, eat iron-rich foods such as lean meats, chicken, fish, beans, lentils, and leafy green vegetables. Vitamin C improves iron absorption, so add citrus fruits, tomatoes, and peppers to your diet. Regular exercise, as suggested by your doctor, can also be beneficial. In some circumstances, iron supplements may be recommended.

Q: How do low haemoglobin levels affect my baby?

A:  Severe iron deficiency anaemia can cause major difficulties for the infant, such as intrauterine development restriction, early birth, and low birth weight. These problems may have long-term health consequences for the child.

Imprimis IVF: Best IVF Centre in Kashmir

Our team of competent medical professionals and fertility specialists is committed to providing you with comprehensive care throughout your pregnancy. We offer individualized recommendations to treat low haemoglobin levels, which are a typical concern for many pregnant moms.

Choosing Imprimis IVF  the best IVF treatment centre in Srinagar provides you with access to a supportive environment in which your and your unborn child’s health is prioritized. Allow us to help you achieve your goal of becoming a parent through a happy and healthy pregnancy.

Take the first step toward a happy and successful parenting experience by contacting Imprimis IVF right away.

What is Surgical Sperm Retrieval

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Infertility has become a common problem among couples worldwide, various factors contribute to the difficulties in conceiving. Factors such as male infertility including low sperm count, obstructive or non-obstructive azoospermia, or retrograde ejaculation contribute to the same. Our medical science provides hope by directly collecting sperm from the male reproductive tract, a specialised process called surgical sperm retrieval.

In this blog, you will get all the information about this procedure, different techniques of the procedure, when it is needed etc

What is Surgical Sperm Retrieval

When a man has azoospermia, a condition in which he has little or no sperm in his ejaculate.

A medical procedure called surgical sperm retrieval is used to directly obtain sperm from a man’s reproductive tract. It is beneficial for couples who struggle with male fertility to achieve pregnancy through assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).

Such conditions become a hurdle in achieving pregnancy where a man faces difficulties in the production of sperm. Urologists or IVF experts perform the procedure of extracting sperm from the male reproductive system.

When is surgical sperm retrieval necessary?

Surgical sperm retrieval is a process of extracting sperm from a man’s reproductive system in the case of low or no sperm production, which leads to issues in pregnancy and becomes very challenging for couples. In several scenarios, it becomes necessary to go for surgical sperm retrieval where natural conception is hindered due to male infertility issues.

Following are the main indications for when to visit the IVF centre for a surgical sperm retrieval procedure.

1. Obstructive Azoospermia

This condition is called when there is a blockage in the male reproductive system and is causing issues in sperm production with the semen. Due to these blockages, the sperm is unable to pass by.

It can occur through the congenital absence of the tube that carries sperm from the testicles to the urethra.

2. Non-obstructive Azoospermia

In such conditions, the amount of sperm produced is very low or no sperm is produced through the testicles of a man. It occurs due to genetic factors, testicular damage caused due to trauma or chemotherapy or due to hormonal imbalances.

You can go through infertility treatment including Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE) to retrieve sperm directly from the testicular tissue.

3. Retrograde ejaculation

A condition in which semen enters the bladder and is not expelled through the urethra during ejaculation. Such is the scenario with people suffering from neurological conditions, previous surgeries if any or diabetic patients.

You need to visit the best fertility doctor to get the right treatment in such a case.

Techniques used in Surgical Sperm Retrieval.

Techniques used for Surgical Sperm Retrieval

There is a set of techniques, that have indications, considerations, and advantages based on the cause of male infertility. The choice of technique depends on the condition of a person and careful evaluation by the best fertility specialist.

Here are the Primary Techniques used in Surgical Sperm Retrieval:

1. Percutaneous Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (PESA)

This method involves sucking out sperm from the epididymis from a fine needle attached to a syringe. This technique is used for patients having obstructive azoospermia, where there is a blockage in the epididymis preventing sperm from reaching the semen.

It is a process that can be easily performed under local anaesthesia in an outpatient setting.

2. Testicular Sperm Aspiration (TESA)

A procedure when sperm production is impaired or absent within the epididymis or when epididymal sperm retrieval is not feasible. This technique involves a needle that extracts sperm directly from the testicle. It can be performed under local anaesthesia and is less invasive than other techniques.

3. Microsurgical Epididymal Sperm Aspiration (MESA)

It is a technique useful in cases in which the number of sperm needed is high or in the case where previous attempts with PESA were unsuccessful. High powered surgical microscope is used in performing such a technique, a small incision in the scrotum is made to directly visualize the epididymis. The fertilization specialist then identifies the sperm and extracts it from the epididymal tubules.

In this technique, there is less chance of damage to surrounding tissues and it also allows precise identification and retrieval of sperm.

4.  Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE)

TESE is used in the cases of patients having non-obstructive azoospermia, a condition that includes impaired or low sperm production within the testicles. It is a feasible technique that involves retrieval of sperm directly from the testicular tissue, by removing a small piece of testicular tissue through a minor surgical procedure and then is sent to the laboratory to examine the areas containing sperm.

5. Microdissection TESE (Micro-TESE)

Such a technique is perfect for cases of severe non-obstructive azoospermia, where there are extreme impairments in sperm production. It is performed under higher magnification as it is a specialized form of TESE. The goal of this technique is to lower the trauma to the testicular tissue and increase the retrieval of sperm.

RISKS INVOLVED!

Risks involved in such IVF procedures are minimised when performed in top fertility clinics. And is generally a safe and effective procedure performed under the proper supervision of the experts.

However, there can be risks involved like any other surgical procedure.

The following are the factors that should be considered before proceeding with the procedure:

  1. Infection
  2. Bleeding
  3. Discomfort and pain
  4. Damage to surrounding tissues
  5. Anaesthetic risks

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS!

1. Is surgical sperm retrieval painful?

It is relatively a less painful procedure involving a fine syringe being inserted in the epididymis or the testicle to extract the sperm performed under local anaesthesia.

2. How successful is surgical sperm retrieval?

In patients with obstructive azoospermia, there is a very high chance of recovering sperm by this method (>90%). Whereas in patients with non-obstructive, the chances are 40%.

3. What is the difference between TESA and TESE?

TESA= no incision or surgery required in TESA, only the needle is inserted under local anaesthesia with very low pain, low time and low charges. Whereas in TESE, biopsy surgery is done to extract tissue under General anaesthesia.

4. What are the side effects of PESA and TESA?

Side effects of PESA and TESA include mild swelling or bruising at the site of the procedure which usually resolves within a few days.

5. What are the signs of low sperm count?

Decreased facial or body hair, inability to impregnate women, pain or swelling in the testicle area, and difficulty maintaining an erection can be the symptoms of low sperm count.

Why Choose Us?

Choosing our clinic Imprimis IVF for surgical sperm retrieval will turn out to be the best decision when it comes to your reproductive health because we ensure compassionate care with a team of highly experienced professionals. We are equipped with advanced technologies to tailor to your unique fertility needs and provide treatment accordingly.

We understand this emotional challenge and hence provide a supportive environment and transparent communication to help you gain the trust and confidence in choosing us. Our clinic provides expert care and personalised attention throughout your journey to parenthood.  We have a track record of successful procedures, providing reassurance and support at every step.

All You Need to Know About Cervical Mucus

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Cervical mucus is a fluid that is produced in the woman’s body by the cervix. It can be a barrier or a facilitator to sperm, it all depends on the phase of the menstrual cycle.

Understanding cervical mucus can turn out to be a crucial step in increasing awareness about fertility.

With the help of this blog, you will get in-depth knowledge about the stages & how to track them, and their importance in fertility.

What is Cervical Mucus

It is a fluid, composed of water, proteins, electrolytes and enzymes produced by the glands in and around the cervix. When it comes to the women’s reproductive system, cervical mucus plays an important role.

The changes in the mucus vary depending upon the hormonal changes throughout the menstrual cycle!

Tracking and charting mucus can be beneficial for couples, whether they are planning or avoiding pregnancy.

At times abnormal cervical mucus can become a cause of infertility. Such a case is common in women having a cervical infection or scar tissue in the cervix. Such women can be treated at the best IVF clinics.

Functions of cervical mucus:

1.   Protecting sperm:

It provides nourishing surroundings to the sperm and protects it from the acidic environment of the vagina. Which allows them to stay up to 5 days within the female reproductive system.

2.   Acts as a barrier:

Cervical mucus acts as a barrier by blocking the entry of sperm which helps to prevent unwanted pregnancies. It becomes thicker outside and acts as a barrier to the sperm making it difficult to pass by.

3.   An indication of fertility!

Women can get important clues about fertility by noticing the changes in cervical mucus consistency and quantity. It can also help in infertility testing.

4.   Allowing sperm movement.

During the fertile window, the clear, slippery mucus provides an optimal environment for sperm movement allowing the sperm to enter through the cervix into the uterus easily.

5.   Protects from infection

The thick mucus also reduces the risk of infections and serves as a barrier against pathogens.

Stages of cervical mucus.

There are several stages of cervical mucus characterised by hormonal fluctuations. There are different stages according to the phases of the menstrual cycle and it provides clues from time to time about the fertility of women.

The stages are as follows:

1.   Menstruation phase (Days1-5)

Due to the presence of menstrual blood, it becomes impossible to notice the cervical mucus during menstruation. It becomes difficult to distinguish due to the presence of menstrual blood.

2.   Post – menstruation phase(Days 6-9)

At this stage, after menstruation, where oestrogen level is relatively low the mucus may feel dry or slightly sticky. There might be little or no mucus present. Such mucus is generally considered infertile.

3.   Pre – ovulation phase  (Days 10-12)

During this stage, the cervical mucus becomes creamy, abundant in texture and feels smooth and cloudy in appearance. It is because of the increase in the level of oestrogen. It is still not the fertile stage, but it indicates the approach of ovulation.

4.   Ovulation phase (Days 13-16)

During this stage, the mucus reaches the most fertile point and it becomes clear, stretchy and resembles raw egg whites. This facilitates the movement and survival of sperm and is marked as the most fertile day.

5.   Post ovulation phase (Days 17-28)

At this stage, the level of progesterone level rises after the ovulation phase making the cervical mucus thick and sticky again. This stage indicates the end of the fertile window.

3 Ways to Track Cervical Mucus
Tracking Cervical Mucus

Women need to keep track of the cervical mucus regularly and understand the menstrual cycle to identify the fertile window. With the help of tracking, you can gain insights into your fertility which can help in achieving or preventing pregnancy for couples.

Tracking the cervical mucus also helps to know whether there is any infection or there is any need for infertility treatment. If found any issues, you can visit your nearest IVF clinics and get them solved with the best IVF doctors.

Following are the Ways of Tracking:

Keeping a check daily.

It is important to check daily and even better to check it at the same time of each day. Use a clean finger to collect the mucus and observe mucus before urination or bowel movement to avoid any contamination.

Keep a detailed record of the texture of the mucus you observed while collecting the sample with your fingers or with the help of toilet paper.

Creating a cervical mucus chart.

Creating a cervical chart can be valuable for visualising the changes in the mucus and it can also help in predicting ovulation.

You can create the columns in the chart for each day and can add the type of texture based upon factors such as “sticky”, “creamy” etc.

Identify pattern

Identifying your pattern is crucial when it comes to planning your pregnancy. After a few cycles, you will understand your pattern and the time of max or min fertility.

It is important to keep a regular check on as it will not only help in planning your pregnancy but it will also help in detecting the infection in the woman’s body, if any.

What can affect Cervical Mucus?

This is subjected to various hormonal changes and can be affected by various underlying issues:

1. Medications

There are certain medications that may affect the cervical mucus, regardless of what they are for!

2. Birth control:

Some hormonal birth control pills prevent sperm from entering by thickening the cervical mucus. This can affect the consistency of the mucus.

3. Infections:

If there is any infection in your cervix, it can also affect your mucus in terms of change in colour, odour, visibility etc.

4. Dehydration:

Your fluids will be flowy in texture if you will keep yourself hydrated.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS:

1.   What is your cervical mucus telling you?

Right before or during the ovulation, you usually have the most mucus. It is clear and it feels slippery, these slippery days are your fertile days, when you are most likely to get pregnant.

2.   What is poor cervical mucus?

If there is no or less cervical mucus, then the sperm will not be able to swim to the uterus.

3.   What does unhealthy cervical mucus look like?

If you suddenly have an abnormal discharge of bright yellow or green colour then it may be a concern of unhealthy mucus.

4.   When does pregnancy discharge start?

Almost immediately after conception, your vagina walls start to thicken, which can cause a white, milky discharge that may continue throughout your pregnancy.

5.   What can I drink to clear my discharge?

Drink Guava tea, garlic tea, and tea tree oil.

Why choose us?

Choosing Imprimis IVF in tracking your cervical mucus will ensure you receive insightful, accurate and tailored guidance in your reproductive health journey. We ensure detailed daily observations and comprehensive reports with the support of our advanced approach towards the matter. Imprimis IVF also guide you in your journey of understanding your menstrual cycle dynamics, identifying fertile windows and planning accordingly. We ensure to be your trusted partner in this journey!

Primary Ovarian Insufficiency: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

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Primary ovarian insufficiency is somewhat of a complicated condition that causes several dysfunctions in ovaries among women under the age of 40 years. Commonly known as ‘premature ovarian failure,’ it’s simply a time when your ovaries go unplanned holiday before you reach the age of 40, resulting in low levels of estrogen and irregular menstruation.

Living with POI can be challenging, although understanding that each woman’s experience is different is very important. Healthcare professional assistance is essential for managing this problem.

In this blog post, let’s look a little more closely at POI through its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment so that women know how to handle the problem.

What are the Causes of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency?

Primary ovarian insufficiency is a condition whereby ovaries are not functioning properly and, therefore, the estrogen levels lower, making the menstrual cycle delay. Many a time, it remains vague as to what the exact cause of POI may be, but there can be several contributors to this disorder, some of which include the following:

  • Genetic disorders, such as Turner syndrome and Fragile X syndrome
  • Autoimmune diseases: The misbehaviour of the immune system acts against the ovaries.
  • Cancer treatments: Chemotherapy and radiotherapy can be potentially dangerous to ovarian function and lead to POI.
  • Viral factors: Some infections, like mumps or varicella, can affect the ovaries against the normal.
  • Environmental factors: Toxins, chemicals, stress, and lifestyle can also impact ovarian function.

It should be noted that the causes of POI are very different in many ways, and each woman’s experience with POI is unique.

Symptoms of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency

Primary Ovarian Insufficiency symptoms

Women suffering from POI may experience a set of symptoms that actually have practical effects on the quality of life. The most common ones are the following:

  • Infrequent or missed menstrual periods
  • Hot flashes and sweats at night
  • Vaginal dryness
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Mood swings, low energy
  • Infertility

Some women experiencing early premature ovarian failure still have periods and even become pregnant. If you have any of these symptoms, and you are still Ignoring these signs then it could lead to more significant health issues, some of which may be beyond medical intervention.

Diagnosis of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency

Diagnosing POI includes a proper check-up with the doctors. It usually consists of checking your medical history.

  • A physical examination.
  • Hormone level testing.

Blood tests measuring levels of FSH, LH, and estrogen are done to check ovarian function. Imaging studies, including ultrasound tests, and genetic testing may be advised by doctors with regard to the functioning and condition of the ovaries.

One should utilize various diagnostic modalities, such as probable genetic studies, to diagnose the exclusion of underlying disorders that can also manifest with POI. In most cases of primary ovarian insufficiency, ovaries are relatively smaller in size and possess fewer follicles. Imaging modalities such as pelvic ultrasounds in ovaries provide very useful information related to the anatomy and physiology of the ovaries, thus aiding in designing appropriate treatment strategies.

Treatment of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency

Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Treatment

That is to say, even though POI cannot be reversed, it can be managed with treatment options targeting the mitigation of its symptoms, prevention of further deterioration, and enhancement of general well-being.

  • The first line of treatment is HRT, by which some symptoms similar to the menopause, including hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and mood changes, can be alleviated.
  • For women who want to become pregnant, other alternatives, like cryopreservation of ovarian tissue, oocytes, or embryos, and embryo donation, are also available.

This can be achieved by replacing hormones that your ovaries no longer make.

Such valuable additions to treatment include the use of psychological support, counselling, and support groups in helping women cope with the emotional strains of POI, since whatever women go through needs to be validated.

Living With POI

This can result in a host of physical and emotional challenges in women with this lifelong condition. Thus, critical to the management of this disorder is that women diagnosed with POI maintain routine follow-up care with their providers and establish individual care plans. Medical supervision throughout, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and good support from family can help reduce the impacts of POI.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q 1. What are the common symptoms of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI)?

Answer – The most common symptoms of POI include irregular or no menstrual periods, hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, mood swings, fatigue, and infertility.

Q 2 Can a woman with Primary Ovarian Insufficiency become pregnant?

Answer – While most women with this condition will have reduced fertility, some may still conceive. Some women conceive on their own; some may consider assisted reproductive technologies, including in vitro fertilization.

Q 3. Are there any lifestyle modifications that would help in managing Primary Ovarian Insufficiency?

Answer – Yes, incorporating lifestyle modifications like a balanced diet, regular physical activity, stress management, and avoidance of smoking would contribute to an improved state of health and well-being for women with POI.

Conclusion

Primary Ovarian Insufficiency represents a very heterogeneous condition that would need the collaborative effort of a multidisciplinary team in its diagnosis and treatment. The etiopathogenesis of POI forms the basis of prevention and treatment strategies. Optimism and eagerness should characterize the way women diagnosed with POI deal with their diagnosis. With many options opening for therapy, there is hope for the future.

Why Choose IMPRIMIS IVF?

Imprimis IVF remains the best, with outstanding and affordable services. Being a team of highly experienced professionals with an exquisite reputation in personal care and support through the journey of IVF, we ensure that every patient feels valued and understood.

Backed by the finest technology and years of experience by practitioners, we strive to offer the finest possible service. The philosophy of this centre is to enable as many as possible to raise a family at an affordable cost. If you are searching for a trustworthy and sensitive in vitro fertilization clinic, look no further than Imprimis IVF.